So far, states have focused on addressing climate change’s biophysical impacts and finding burden-sharing formulae that avoid serious socio-economic harm to developing and least-developed countries. The grave consequences of climate change are likely to prompt a renegotiation of some of the fundamentals of international law, including permanent sovereignty over natural resources (PSNR), requirement of territory for statehood, and unsettling of maritime zones. The principle of PSNR is a fundamental right of states and peoples, which represents the resolve of developing countries to attain economic independence. Under the PSNR, a state has the right to extract fossil fuels above and below ground. The urgency to restrict global average temperature below 1.5° Celsius is giving rise to the demand among many states, scholars and policymakers to phase out fossil fuel. Scholarly writings increasingly support a Fossil-Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty to keep large swathes of fossil fuels that remain in the ground